Indication

  • Treatment of all patients with type 1 diabetes
  • Treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes who are not adequately controlled by diet and/ or oral hypoglycemic agents
  • For the initial stabilization of diabetes in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome and during periods of stress such as severe infections and major surgery in diabetic patients
  • Treatment of gestational diabetes


Dosage & Administration

Dosage is individual and determined by the physician in accordance with the needs of the patient. The average range of total daily insulin requirement for maintenance therapy in type 1 diabetic patients lies between 0.5 and 1.0 IU/Kg. In pre-pubertal children it usually varies from 0.7 to 1.0 IU/ Kg. The daily insulin requirement may be higher in patients with insulin resistance (e.g. during puberty in the young or due to obesity) and lower in patients with endogenous insulin production or during the period of partial remission. Initial dosage for type 2 diabetic patients are often lower, e.g. 0.3 to 0.6 IU/ Kg/ Day. An injection should be followed within 30 minutes by a meal or snack containing carbohydrates.
Administration
It is usually administered subcutaneously in the abdominal wall. The thigh, the gluteal region or the deltoid region may also be used. Subcutaneous injection into the abdominal wall ensures a faster absorption than from

other injection sites. In order to avoid lipodystrophy, injection sites for a given insulin preparation should be rotated within an anatomic region. Intramuscular administrations are possible under guidance by a physician. Intravenous administrations should only be carried out by a physician.

Dosage Adjustment

Concomitant illness, especially infections and feverish conditions, usually increases the patient's insulin requirement. Renal or hepatic impairment may reduce insulin requirement. Adjustment of the dosage may also be necessary if patients change physical activity or their usual diet. Dosage adjustment may be necessary when transferring patients from one insulin preparation to another.


Precautions

Inadequate dosing or discontinuation of treatment, especially in type 1 diabetes, may lead to hyperglycaemia. In type 1 diabetes, untreated hyperglycaemic events eventually leads to diabetic ketoacidosis which is potentially lethal. Hypoglycaemia may occur if the insulin dose is too high in relation to the insulin requirement.  Transferring a patient to another type or brand of insulin should be done under strict medical supervision. Changes in strength, brand (manufacturer), type (rapid acting insulin, dual actinginsulin, intermediate and long acting insulin etc.), species (animal, human insulin analogue) and/or method of manufacture (recombinant DNA versus animal source insulin) may result in the need for a change in dosage. Before travelling between different time zones, the patients should be advised to consult the doctor, since this may mean that the patients have to take insulin and meals at different time.

Pregnancy and Lactation

There are no restrictions on the treatment of diabetes with insulin during pregnancy as insulin does not pass the placental barrier. Both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, which can occur in inadequately controlled diabetes therapy, increase the risk of malformations and death in utero. Insulin requirements usually fall in the first trimester and increase subsequently during the second and third trimesters. After delivery, insulin requirements return rapidly to pre-pregnancy values. Insulin treatment of the nursing mother involves no risk to the baby. However, the insulin dosage, diet or both may need to be adjusted.


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